Perform a close reading of any passage or short chapter

How to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin

Step by step instructions to Get Your CDL in West Virginia and Wisconsin This article is valuable for any individual who needs to get a CDL in West Virginia or Wisconsin. In the event that you need to find out about gaining a CDL at different states, we have assembled a complete guide on the best way to get a business driver’s permit in each condition of the nation. West VirginiaYou need a CDL on the off chance that you are going to drive:Any vehicle blend with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001+ pounds, as long as the GVWR of the towed vehicle(s) is more than 10,000 pounds. (Class A)A single vehicle with a GVRW of 26,001+ pounds; orâ this vehicle towing another that is under 10,000 pounds. (Class B)A vehicle with a weight rating of under 26,001 pounds,â or such a vehicle towing another, that is under 10,000 pounds: Vehicles that are intended for 16 travelers or more, including the driver, and Vehicles used to ship risky materials. (Class C)In request to get a CDL:You must be at any rate 18 years of age and have 2 years of drivi ng experience.You mustâ meet explicit physical capability measures and convey a clinical declaration to show proof of such qualification.If you can't turn out to be restoratively affirmed, you might be qualified for a clinical waiver.The ExamsAll candidates must take either a composed or oral information test and passâ and answer in any event 80% of the inquiries correctly. You must test for the ideal supports you have recorded on the test card at the time you test for general information, yet you may get a test card for different supports sometime in the future on the off chance that you wish to include them.If you bomb the information test, you may not retest for 7 days. You may attempt to breeze through the test multiple times on the first fees.After you finish the composed tests, you will get a business driver’s guidance license. Simply after you have your learner’s license can you at that point take your street (aptitudes) tests.After you breeze through your s treet assessments, you would then be able to get your CDL.WisconsinIf you are going to drive any of the accompanying vehicles, you should acquire a CDL:Vehicles that weigh 26,000+ pounds, controlled by the most noteworthy of the following:manufacturer’s net vehicle weight rating (GVWR)manufacturer’s net blend weight rating (GCWR) when the towed unit has a GVWR, enrolled weight, or gross weight ofâ 10,000+ poundsactual weightregistered weightA vehicle conveying risky materials that require placarding under government lawA vehicle structured or used to convey 16+ individuals, including the driverThe ExamsFirst, you should take and pass the fitting information test(s) for the vehicle you plan to drive.CDL information tests are free, and take at any rate 1 to 1.5 hours to finish. You should answerâ 80%+ questions accurately to pass. You must present a legitimate Class D permit at the hour of testing.After you breeze through the information test, you can get your Comm ercial Driver Learner grant (CLP). Your CLP will be substantial for 180 days. You can utilize a CLP to work on driving with a certified teacher or CDL driverâ who hasâ a legitimate permit at or over the degree of your permit.You must hold a CLP for 14 days before taking your street test(s).After you timetable and pass the pre-trip, backing test and aptitudes test(s) with an affirmed outsider analyzer, you can get your CDL.

App Prop - How Do You Structure Your Essay?

App Prop - How Do You Structure Your Essay?Applying the first research paper as part of your App Prop test is essential to an easy and successful test. In fact, this App Prop piece contains guidelines for you to create good writing style and approach for it. The first writing sample includes App Prop 1 essay examples to consider when preparing for the App Prop test that is essential for all AP students.Common Prop is a term used by professors to test your ability to express in writing the ideas of your research paper. You must come up with a persuasive argument for each of the points you are to discuss in your App Prop paper. You may be called upon to support a thesis statement, present evidence, criticize a thesis, or present alternative ways of analyzing a thesis.One important question about App Prop is: how do you formulate a solid argument for a particular topic? The tips provided in this article provide a more clear answer.The topics will be structured on the basis of your essay topic. Make sure that the topics you choose for your App Prop paper are discussed in detail. Find an approach that engages the readers' attention and inspires them to think and reason.Most App Prop essay samples have six topics, which will help you craft your particular essay. The topics include Introduction, Objectives, Context, Contextual Analysis, Conclusion, and Discussion.App Prop essay samples help you to structure your essays into a sequence of ideas that are related to the topic and contain the main points of your paper. Make sure that your research findings are organized and presented in the best possible way.Readers must appreciate the research findings because they are the basis of the discussion. To make them understand clearly, you need to make the important points and discussion pieces both short and sweet.Apart from writing the paper according to a topic, you can also consider sub topics. This way, you have more flexibility to write a thorough and convincing App Prop paper. Using subtopics in App Prop essay samples will make your App Prop paper appear more creative and less repetitive.

Religion By John Steinbeck s East Of Eden - 1379 Words

Religion is a central theme in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Religion constantly appears through the similarities between the Cain and Abel story, the Hebrew word timshel, and the presence of God and Fate in the novel. Throughout the book, the characters struggle with the ideas of good and evil, and choice and freewill. As the story unfolds and progresses, we see the characters deal with these things with religion being the base and the root that the book lays upon. The biblical story of Cain and Abel plays a central role in the novel East of Eden. In Genesis, Adam and Eve s sons, Cain and Abel, offered sacrifices to God. The shepherd Abel sacrifices his best lamb, while the farmer Cain offers grain. Because God prefers Abel s gift over Cain s, Cain becomes infuriated and kills his brother in a jealous rage. Adam asked, â€Å"Do you know where your brother is?† â€Å"No, I don’t,† said Cal. . . . â€Å"He hasn’t been home for two nights. Where is he?† â€Å"How do I know?† said Cal. â€Å"Am I supposed to look after him?† (410) This exchange between Adam and Cal is a direct parallel with the exchange between God and Cain that appears in the book of Genesis in the Bible. After Cain murders Abel, God realizes that Abel is missing and asks Cain where Abel is. Cain retorts, â€Å"I know not; am I my brother’s keeper?† Adam and Cal’s reenactment of this conversation links them explicitly to the biblical story and cements Cal and Aron, respectively, as surrogates for Cain and Abel. The characters ofShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s East Of Eden1087 Words   |  5 Pagesimpression on his sons, John Steinbeck portrays experiences he acquired from his childhood in the novel East of Eden through the characters’ conflicts and actions to encourage them to write their own story not dictated by their roots. Steinbeck admits in Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters that he â€Å"hopes his two young sons will find meaning in life when they grow and acquire the experiences to understand.à ¢â‚¬  Steinbeck s failure to feel accepted, accept his father s failures, and failure toRead MoreWhat Influenced John Steinbeck?. What Exactly Influenced884 Words   |  4 PagesWhat influenced John Steinbeck? What exactly influenced Steinbeck’s writings? Was it his background, his past, or was it the way he grew up and learned. There are many factors that come into play when trying to depict what exactly influenced an author. A lot of people believe that he was heavily influenced by California, where he lived. As many as nine of his works were proven to be based off of some part of california life in his time. But not all of his inspiration could simply come from CaliforniaRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s The Crucible 1074 Words   |  5 Pages Dylon Morrison Mr. Briggs 5 December 2014 Word Count: 978 John Steinbeck John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. John decided to be a writer at the very young age of fourteen. â€Å"John used to lock himself in his bedroom and to be alone and write stories and poem†(John Steinbeck Biography). John was the first in his family to have a striving desire to become a writer, his father did everything he could to keep food on the table and his mother was a former schoolRead MoreThemes And Styles Of John Steinbeck s The 4033 Words   |  17 PagesJohn Buttiglione Mr. Bruno English IV Period 08 November 17, 2014 Themes and Styles of John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was born on February 26, 1902 in Salinas, California. He spent the majority of his childhood there and readers learn about his home city and childhood in his works. Steinbeck wrote novels, non-fiction books, short stories, poetry, and plays. Some of his most impactful and recognized works include: Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath, The Pearl, The Moon is Down, EastRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 PagesWriting the Research Paper Handbook and Style Guide English teachers from both Cranston High School East and Cranston High School West prepared this booklet for students learning the fundamentals of research paper writing. Much of the material was gleaned from sources listed on the acknowledgements page. The information chosen is considered suitable to fulfill the instructional needs of the teachers and to facilitate practical use by the students. 1. Topic Selection Topic selection

The Violence Of The Chicago Police Department - 906 Words

Chicago is a violent place to live. There is a very serious problem, in some areas of Chicago there is no respect for human life. Children are victims of gun violence for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. What can be done to have some social order in this place? Guns should be banned in Chicago because it had claimed too many lives of innocent people. Banding guns will reduce violence. Will stablish order for Chicagoans. Stricter laws with more severe punishment be and reinforcement of these laws will make a person think twice before getting their hands on a gun and breaking the law. Guns have cause many deaths. Therefore, Chicagoan should work together to try to prevent another fatality. According to the crime statistics released by the Chicago Police department on April 02, 2015 the city of Chicago has recorded 355 shootings from January to April. ( Aamer, Madhani). Senseless shooting death occurs throughout the year. Violence is out control, people particularly teenager are killing other kids because thing get out of control. They don’t know how to handle conflict and confrontation can become deathly. Senseless reasons for killing can bulling, teasing, name calling or even girl problems. Sometimes innocent people get caught in middle of confrontations. In 2013(CBS LOCAL Media) reported a story where gun violence claim the life of Jonylah Walkins a 6 month old baby who was shot multiple times. It is believe that Jonylah’s father was the intended target sinceShow MoreRelatedRacial Segregation Of Chicago And Explosive Gang Related Crime1671 Words   |  7 Pagesblocked† (Hagedorn 197). By doing the aforementioned the white gang’s behaviors have contributed to the racial segregation of Chicago and the explosive gang related crime in the present day south side of Chicago. Just like African Americans formed gangs to protect themselves against Chicago s white gangs, the Latin Kings formed in Chicago with the same intent. In Chicago Mr. Sanchez a member of the Latin Kings gang shared in an interview: How the Latin Kings were originally formed decades ago toRead MoreThe Talk Of Gun Violence1204 Words   |  5 Pagesyou ever heard of gun violence? If you ask somebody that question you will probably hear a sarcastic laugh and regret the debate you just started. It is something that has widely taken over media. It doesn t matter where are you are, the barber shop or on your couch watching TV. The talk of gun violence is in everything you do. Monica Davey writes this article to get Americans to realize the tragedies that are taking place in Chicago. Davey begins the article with CHICAGO — In a city wrestlingRead MoreProject Safe Neighborhoods1007 Words   |  5 PagesDue to the high rate of crimes committed throughout big cities by gun violence, it is essential for Law Enforcement to enforce a solution to prevent violent, brutal crimes from occurring. Both Federal and local Law Enforcement must work together to promote a solution for reducing gun violence. Back in Bush’s first term as President it was significant for the Bush administration to create a project to â€Å"get the message out there† about deterrence and the increasing number of crimes committed throughRead MoreGun Violence Crimes966 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the high rate of crimes committed throughout big cities by gun violence, it is essential for Law Enforcement to enforce a solution to prevent violent, brutal crimes from occurring. Both Federal and local Law Enforcement must work together to promote a solution for reducing gun viole nce. Back in Bush’s first term as President it was significant for Bush’s administration to create a project to â€Å"get the message out there† about deterrence and the increasing number of crimes committed throughRead MoreThe Infamous Gangster: Al Capone795 Words   |  3 Pagesoccurring in Chicago which gave a sense of a lawless city. He dominated organized crime in the Chicago area from 1925 until 1931. Prohibition led to the bootlegging of liquor and the gang war’s of the 1920s. Al Capone one of the world’s most feared gangster started his life in poverty and ended up making millions from the sell of illegal liquor, prostitution, gambling, and extortion. â€Å"But it was Capone’s schooling, both inadequate and brutal at a Catholic institution beset with violence that marredRead MoreThe Race Problem Of America Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesall at once. Nevertheless, we can still take a small step towards a more racially equal society by focusing on one of the more pressing issues of America’s ‘race problem’ today which lies in the justice system and is particularly evident in Chicago. Chicago is one of the most racially segregated cities in America with the north side being predominantly occupied by whites, the south and west sides being occupied by blacks and the southwest and northwest being dominated by Hispanics. Chicago’s minorityRead MoreWhy Will No One Help Put Away The Perpetrators?1300 Words   |  6 PagesFor the past 25 years in Chicago, an average of one child has been killed per week (Ansari, 1), but the violence does not stop with children. In 2016 alone, there were, â€Å"762 murders, 3,550 shooting incidents, and 4,331 shooting victims† (Caputo, 2). While the murder rate has remained exceedingly high over the decades, and spiked in recent years, the willingness of witnesses to provide police with information remains at an all-time low, and approximately 80% of all cases have no workable leads (ShaperRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Of Laquan Mcdonald 867 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Police violence is a reoccurring issue in today’s world especially in America. It seems as though we live in a society where Police officers target minorities practically young African American men. On October 20, 2014, Laquan McDonald was roaming around a neighborhood in Chicago who happened to be â€Å"holding a knife† (Good). Jason Van Dyke as well as a few other officers responded to the calls and spotted McDonald wandering in the middle of the street. After a few seconds of the police officersRead MoreAn Informal Complaint With The Police Department934 Words   |  4 PagesImmediately following an adverse interaction with the police, an individual may choose to file a complaint with the relevant police department. Two different complaint formats, informal and formal, are generally accepted in both countries. An informal complaint offers the least opportunity for recoverysome relief, as the individual is merely making an oral statement to a responding offic er. Further hindering the process is the inherently biased nature of the forum; an informal complaint isRead MoreChicago Gangs and History Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesChicago Gangs, Then and Now with Solutions Nick Crot Marist High School Abstract This paper deals with gang violence in the city of Chicago since the beginning of time. It takes a deep look into the history of Chicago gangs and how they interact today. Also the past problems the City of Chicago made when dealing with gangs and the problems that gangs today have and how Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country. Also how gangs have turned themselves into big, and lucrative enterprises

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEIVED RISK OF MAJOR DISEASES Essay Example For Students

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEIVED RISK OF MAJOR DISEASES Essay KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEIVED RISK OF MAJOR DISEASESGeneral Psychology, Course 02587-588AbstractThe American Psychological Association Journal Article this paper is based on focuses on the knowledge of health related risks and behaviors of middle age and older age women, and specifically womens â€Å"knowledge of perceived risk of major disease† (Wilcox ; Stefanick, 1999). A link between lifestyle and chronic disease in old age has been established. In addition, the belief that age was a risk factor for breast and colon cancer actually decreased with increasing age among women. The populations general knowledge of CHD risk factors has gone up in recent time. Women, African-American women specifically are still more likely to die from CHD as opposed to men. The study used a survey which they had women age 40 and older fill out. Information requested about the women who filled out the survey was their age, marital status, education level and ethnic origins. Other variables reported in the study that were measured were the risk factors women described in the survey that were relevant to CHD, breast cancer, colon cancer and other various health problems. The survey also contained questions regarding what the women thought were the leading causes of death of women in certain age groups and gender groups. The women in the study were also questioned regarding their perceived general risk of a women developing a major disease. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into what women know about serious diseases i.e., CHD, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and genital organ cancer and the risk factors associated with developing these diseases. Also the researchers were attempting to determine how women see their own chances of developing a serious disease and what they know about deaths due to the above-mentioned diseases in the survey and applying their knowledge across groups of men and women and various age groups. It is well known that the fastest growing section of the population in the United States is the senior citizens. When Baby Boomers, those born between 1946 and 1964, reach retirement age (some organizations allow employees 55 years old to take full retirement) which could begin next year for some and will continue to increase the older age or senior population of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census USBS, 1996a). The American Psychological Association Journal Article this paper is based on focuses on the knowledge of health related risks and behaviors of middle age and older age women, and specifically womens â€Å"knowledge of perceived risk of major disease† (Wilcox ; Stefanick, 1999). As people get older, they are more susceptible to diseases and other disabling conditions. Their very survival becomes difficult because as they age they are more likely to develop diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer of the lung, colon, breast and genital organs. Women often live longer than men do and their mortality rates are less than the rates for men. Because women are living longer they are more likely to experience chronic illness during their later years of life. Although this is true for many women, it does not have to be. A link between lifestyle and chronic disease in old age has been established. Lifestyle factors or habits such as lack of exercise, smoking and bad or unhealthy eating habits have been closely linked to CHD (McGinnis ; Foege, 1993). Instead of managing a chronic disease such as CHD or diabetes we should have more focus on preventing the diseases that impact the health and quality of life for our aging population altogether and specificall y women. The prevention efforts could help increase the knowledge of individuals and this knowledge must be known or people will not change their unhealthy habits (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). An alarming report mentioned in the article this paper is based on â€Å"The 1992 National Health Intervention Survey Cancer Control Supplement† determined that most Americans did not know about the â€Å"major risk factors for common cancers and lacked knowledge regarding survival rates following early detection† (Breslow et. al., 1997). For example, close to two thirds of Americans did not know that age increased one’s risk for breast and colon cancer, and more than one half believed that the chance of survival following the early detection of colon cancer was fair or poor. Furthermore, the belief that age was a risk factor for breast and colon cancer actually decreased with increasing age among women. Heart disease is the number one cause of deaths for both men and women alike (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999). The populations general knowledge of CHD risk factors has gone up in recent time. In this day and age more people are aware of CHD risk factors than ever before, but there are some sections of the population that are still not as informed as they should be. These sections of the population are those individuals who tend to be â€Å"less educated† and are â€Å"ethnically diverse. (Davis, Winkleby, and Farquhar, 1995; Smith, Croft, Heath, and Cokkindes, 1996). There has, in recent years been a reduction in deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease in the United States. Women, African-American women specifically are still more likely to die from CHD as opposed to men. (American Heart Association, 1997.)Studies have been conducted on the knowledge and perceived risk factors but they have focused mostly on one specific disease and not on information relevant to women specifically. There are not a lot of studies that have been done to determine the knowledge and perceived risks women may have about their chances of developing, controlling or preventing a serious disease. It is important that more be done to look at women’s personal knowledge of diseases and the differences among various age groups awareness of information regarding risk factors associated with serious diseases and how these women see themselves and their possible vulnerability to developing serious diseases. If more studies were done on these aspects and the focus of the study was to compare these variables, it could lead to more reliable and useful results. If a theory is tested and retested and similar results are documented then it is more reliable information to use to help women become better educated and more active in preventing serious and potentially life threatening diseases. Also these studies could be effective in establishing a relationship b etween these aspects, and early detection testing which would result in changing of health behaviors so that these diseases can be prevented more often. Free Grapes of Wraths: Character Grapes Wrat EssayNext the participants answers to the survey questions were analyzed. The analysis for participants awareness of deaths due to specific diseases was done by examining the answers to the questions to determine if the percentage of correct answers and these were compared to the target groups the questions pertained to in order to determine if there were any variations based on target groups. Also the perceptions of the participants were analyzed on the subject of general risk, personal risk, control and preventability concerning the diseases mentioned in the survey. To do this the researchers used analytical methodologies to evaluate the independent variables and dependent variables in the survey. Due to some participants answers to questions regarding risk factors in the survey some participants were not included in the analysis. Some of the women had already developed some of the diseases the survey was based on so they could not be used in the analysis. The results of the study can not be used for the general population of middle age or older women because the sample of 200 women from the San Francisco Bay area did not contain a well rounded group. The sample used did not include participants in varied groups representative of educational levels, different economic backgrounds or ethnic diversity. In regards to participants knowledge of the causes death for the different target groups, the percentages of accuracy varied from one target group to the another. The participants were more likely to know the causes of death for older men than for older women, and were more likely to know the causes of death for younger groups included in the survey than for women in general. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into what women know about serious diseases i.e., CHD, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and genital organ cancer and the risk factors associated with developing these diseases. Also the researchers were attempting to determine how women see their own chances of developing a serious disease and what they know about deaths due to the above-mentioned diseases in the survey and applying their knowledge across groups of men and women and various age groups. The study was also focused on bringing to light the knowledge levels of the women surveyed and at the same time the results can be used to determine areas where the health care field may be able to focus on, to improve health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into what women know about serious disease and what they know about causes of death and risk factors as they relate to the diseases looked at in the survey and applying their knowledge across groups of men and women of various age groups. I have to say that article did not offer a lot in the way of usable information on the general population of women because the sample size was small, mostly White, highly educated women. Low income, other education levels and ethnic groups were not adequately represented. But I guess it is a start in the direction of learning what women know and how to help them learn better health behaviors. American Heart Association. (1997). 1997 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. Dallas, TX; American Heart Association. Breslow, R. A., Sorkin, J. D., Frey, C. M., Kessler, L. G. (1997). Americans’ knowledge of cancer risk and survival. Preventive Medicine, 26, 170-177. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). National Center for Chronic Disease and Prevention and Health Promotion. Online, *http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/cardiov.htm* 2000, October 12. Davis, S. K., Winkleby, M. A., Farquhar, J. W.(1995). Increasing disparity in knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and risk-reduction strategies by socioeconomic status; Implications for policymakers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11, 318-323. McCaul, K. D., Branstetter, A. D., Schroeder, D. M., Glasgow, R. E. (1996). What is the relationship between breast cancer risk and mammography screening? A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology 15, 423-429. McGinnis, M., Foege, W. H. (1993). Actual causes of death in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 2207-2212. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996a). 65 plus; in the United States. Washington, DC; U.S. Government printing Office. U.S. Bureau of Census. (1996b). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC; U.S. Government Printing Office. Wilcox, S. and Stefanick, M. (1999, July). Health Psychology: Knowledge and Perceived Risk of Major Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Women. American Psychology Association Journals Online, 18:4, 8 pages.http://www.apa.org/journals/hea/heal84346.html 2000, October 12. Bibliography:

Living By Number Essay Example

Living By Number Essay Living by Number Summary MarineCorp was the maritime solution provider for the SORIA group of companies. It had two subsidiaries which are Green Port Sdn Bhd and Sungai Emas Port Sdn Bhd. Hafiz Hasyim is the person who is responsible to report financial performance in the company. He is one of the Boards which is CFO in organizational structure for the three companies. Besides, Vessel inspection and vetting was a major business of MarineCorp. MarineCorp also provide consulting services to SORIA and its related contractors that included those for newly built vessel for upstream and downstream il and gas operations. For Green Port, it major activities included pilotage and marine support, emergency response, port management and operations, navigational safety, and marine services to the Single Buoy Mooring facilities. Last but not least, Sungai Emas major activities included pilotage and marine support, emergency response, port management and operations, and navigational safety. Protagonist/ Decision maker Hafiz Hashim, the Chief Financial Officer of Marine Corp Sdn Bhd and responsible for the financial management of MarineCorp and its wholly-owned subsidiaries which re Green Port Sdn Bhd and Sungai Emas Port Sdn Bhd. Problem There are some problems that Hafiz face during this financial performance which is he in dilemma situation whether to approach economic earnings that has required by SORIA group, Value Based Management (VBM) or use profits as practised by the company(Marine Corp Sdn Bhd) and its subsidiaries to report financial performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Living By Number specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Living By Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Living By Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also, the Chairman requested specifics action that can improve companys performance due to financial performance. Other problem faced by the protagonist is pressure from the General Manager of Green Port and also Marine Corp Sdn Bhd here they want to have better performance so they can get higher bonuses. GM Green Port, Anita Osman requested to amortise the dregging cost because Hafiz miscalculated them while GM Marine, Lee Chong Way refused to propose the dividend to the shareholders because of the cash already spend to fund investments. There are also certain accounting issues that arise that give pressure to solve it. The Major Issue The major issue occurred when there are two types of opinions that Hafiz has to consider. First is the opinion president of Suria Group so that Value Based Management (VBM) to be used for the SORIA Group and all its subsidiaries and associated companies. Secondly, for the current situation the MarineCorp and it subsidiaries are practicing profit base to measure the company performance. Besides, General Manager (6M) of Green Port requested to change dredging cost by amortizing it. Another issue occurred also in Marine Corp while the GM of the company refuse to propose dividend to their shareholders and use cash to generate interest income on fund investment. Case Exhibits From Appendix G it shows the companies NOPAT, Average Invested Capital and Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and from these components the performance for each company can be measured. Under the VBM model, both economics earning for Sungai Emas and MarineCorp are positive which are 5,030,563 and 14,274,611 thus its shown that these company are creating value for their company. In the other hand, economic earning for Green Port is -14,588,232 (negative) and this indicates that value was destroyed for the company. Besides, under profit based the Green Port company shown the most profitable company compared to Sungai Emas and MarineCorp when the net profit after tax for the Green Port is the ighest among them. Question 1: Determine the economic earnings of the MarineCorp Sdn Bhd, Green Port Sdn Bhd and Sungai Emas Sdn Bhd. Because the president of SORIA wants to use the Value Based Management (VBM) system, the company would be measured by economics earnings. The table above show economic earnings for each company. Green Port will have negative economic earnings while the other two will have positive economic earnings. Positive economic earnings means that value was created for the company and investment should be done in this company because it provides higher return han the cost of capital. Negative economic earnings would mean than the value of company was destroyed and investment should be avoided from this company because it illustrate that the company failure to provide higher returns than the cost of capital. Question 2: Rank the companies in terms of their financial performance. Measurement Marine Corp Sungai Emas Green Ranking Economic profit Net profit after tax 5,841 ,524 2770,609 Profit margin 28. 89% 24. 03% 28. 46% Current ratio 2. 47 2. 96 1. 13 ROA 70. 57% 26. 94% 5. 56% Based on the Tablel . 1, we have decided that Marine Corp Sdn Bhd has the best inancial performance compare with others two subsidiaries; Sungai Emas Port Sdn Bhd and Green Port Sdn Bhd. Even Green Port has the larger profit based but actually the company has destroy value if we calculate with the Value Based Management (VBM) as requested by the group SORIA. The value was destroy maybe because of the net operating profit was include the higher dredging cost that has been spend which is the amount that General Manager Green Port, Anita Osman want to amortise the cost to ensure that the company gain profit. Moreover, the Green port also had inancial charges while the other two companies did not have financial charges. In fact, the amount for profit based and economic earnings is differ where the amount of profit decrease. In term of ratio, profit margin shows that Marine Corp is the higher percentage which 28. 89% and follow by Green Port. However, Sungai Emas Port has lower profit margin, 24. 3% but the company has higher current ratio where is means an indication of a companys ability to meet short-term debt obligations or the possibility the company can pay debts because of Sungai Emas Port has higher urrent assets and lower current liabilities. Green Port has the lower percentage to pay the debt only 1. 13. Return on Assets (ROA) tells an investor how much profit a company generated for each dollar of assets. The higher ROA, more investor want to invest in the company. So it gives good impressions to the company. Marine Corp has higher ROA with 70. 57% followed by Sungai Emas Port 26. 4% while Green Port only 5. 56%. Overall, Marine Corp Sdn Bhd has better financial performance compare to other companies even current ratio Sungai Emas is higher than Marine Corp but the different is not too large. Marine Corp still can pay the debt. Follow by Sungai Emas Port Sdn Bhd and lastly Green Port Sdn Bhd. Question 3: In your opinion, why are the General Managers Green Port Sdn Bhd and MarineCorp behaving in such manner? In my opinion the reasons why the General Manager of both MarineCorp and Green Port behaving in such manner are self interest and stakeholder perspective towards their company. First scenario is when Anita Osman who is the General Manager of Green Port asks Hafiz to change the dredging by amortizing it. Basically, amortization is a method of recovering (deducting) certain apital costs over a fixed period of time. It is similar to the straight line method of depreciation. According to Win Mark Business solution, the amortization only applies to expenses incurred after you decide to establish a particular business and before the business actually begins operation. It applies not to all expenses. Some of them such as advertising; salaries and wages paid to employees who are being trained; travel expenses incurred in lining up prospective distributors, suppliers, or customers; and salaries and fees paid or incurred for executives, consultants, or imilar professional services. It does not, however, apply to expenses that would not be deductible if incurred after you start the business. In this case, the dredging cost exists under this category. It cant be amortize when it has incurred. It will violate the accounting principle of prudent. Furthermore, the financial statement would not give a true and fair when the cost is understated because of the amortization. When Anita decided to amortize the dredging cost, the total expense would decrease. This condition will lead to the higher profit even though from the reality view it is not. When the profit is higher, thus the performance of the company is viewed as excellent. As the company performance is good, the bonuses for the General Manager which is Anita Osman would increase. In case of General Manager of Green Port, Lee Chong Way refuses to pay dividend to shareholder. In his point of view, generate interest income on fund investment is better than giving away dividend to shareholder. The reason is market analysts worldwide are ranking companies by looking at the profit of the company. Moreover, the investor will attract to invest in the company that having ability to generate higher profit. The higher the profit, it is mean the company is the top company. Besides, when the company is in excellent rank, the pleasure will be credit to Lee Chong Way who is the General Manager. The conclusion is the evaluation of general manager is based on the company performance. Question 4 What action can be taken to improve future performance of Marine Corp and its two subsidiaries? Prepare a report of your recommendations to be presented the chairman of the board. Based on analysis that we handle, it seems that company needs to improve their performance to sustain development in the future. It is due to poor management in handling economic earnings of the one of subsidiaries in the company. We would suggest some recommendation to the chairman, firstly; mission, vision and goal of a company would be the most important determination the establishment of the company. However the organization of the company (chairman) has to review back this goals, mission and vision and remind the entire organization so that they would not go far from the objectives and improve the performance of the company. Next, think strategically and identify key metrics. In fact, you cannot manage what you annot measure. It is important to recognize and having a very systematic plan for the next two, three, five and even ten year ahead in the future and how you will measure the performance. Besides, your company should create balance score card to your strategic performance. The Balanced Scorecard provided four frameworks that a company should be identified. There are financial, customers, innovation and growth and internal process. To summarize in easy to understand language: What are the key drivers of profit and performance from all the key areas of the organization? Long term profitability comes from understanding how key variables in the organization are interrelated. To increase long term profitability your company must determine what variables drive that performance. In addition, pay attention to best in class which is set up your benchmark. Even in a life of person, there should have a benchmark to make sure his life focus to achieve something. Same goes to a company. How do we stand up to the best in class? When benchmarking, as with the balanced scorecard, it is important to benchmark many facets of the company not just company profits and product performance. What are their customer service policies, product quality, and reward? Remember benchmarking is a fast track to high performance and profitability. This was Toyotas approach when they started. They are profitable enough that they could own the big 3 American motor companies. Moreover, the recommendations that can give to improve the companies is conduct research for example, when you need specific information and prospect that does not exist conduct your own primary research rather than copied others. When the company conduct the research, they can ensure the accuracy of their findings. In ddition, the companies should implement the SWOT analysis to measure their strength and weaknesses (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats). Other areas that need to be focus more is welfare of the employees where the manager has to meet employees welfare such SOCSO, EPF and others so that they can give fully commitment to doing their Job accordingly. By doing so, it can maintain professionalism and motivate labour forces. Besides, the companies should appoint employee that fulfil the requirement that have been set by the companies. It is because these employees are the key factor that will determine successful of the ompany. On the other hand, selections of best employees can avoid the company to have higher turnover. Furthermore, the company should focus on stakeholders retention because getting a new customers is five time more expensive than retaining a current one. So the company must provide better service to have customer satisfaction. In term of shareholders, the companies must delivering on advertising promises and develop return policy that with satisfied both parties for instance pay dividend to the shareholders. This situation might affect investment in the future as shareholders give their trust and confident to the company.

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Air Pollution

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Air Pollution Writing an argumentative essay requires extensive research of reputable literature already published on the subject matter your essay will be based on. In more extreme cases, were there are no ready data or literature to consult, a student may have to collect his or her own data using surveys or experiments due to the nature of an argumentative essay. This is because an argumentative essay is the one that requires a student to thoroughly investigate a topic, collect or generate valid evidence in order to establish a position on the subject to be discussed. Writing an essay on air pollution falls under the expository and argumentative essay niche because it requires the use of facts to intelligently argue your stance on air pollution. But unlike an expository essay, the argumentative essay requires empirical evidence from reliable source as well as extensive research to showcase your line of reasoning to get the reader on your side. Therefore, to ease the burden of finding established facts on air pollution for your essay, below is an accurate list of air pollution facts that can help. 10 interesting facts on air pollution: Air pollutants are harmful. Pollutants released into the air are generally made of gas and tiny particles which can be harmful to human health. Statistics show that pollutants released into the air are more harmful than pollutants on land and water. This is because they are more difficult to notice and combat. Human and natural factors pollute the air. The emission of air pollutants is not solely due to human activities as nature also plays its part. A World Health Organization study found that approximately 70% of the pollutants found in the air are due to human activities while natural occurrences such as volcanoes and hurricanes account for approximately 20% of the pollutants currently in the air. The great smog of London which killed approximately 8,000 people is an example of how natural and human activities- cold weather and using fossil fuels- combine to pollute the air leading to deadly consequences. Air pollution adversely affects human health. Statistics show that the average human takes in 3400 gallons of air each day which is more than our food and water intake. With pollutants in the air the average human life-span is shortened by approximately 2 years. Other health problems it causes include itchy throats, breathing issues and death. Air pollutants are also accountable for approximately 5,000 premature deaths in California alone, approximately 50,000 yearly in the US and 250,000 in China. In Beijing, the high level of air pollution has led to constant coughing among its residents and this condition was named the ‘Beijing cough’. Air pollution adversely affects the economy. Statistics show that air pollution is not only dangerous to human health but also to the economy. A 2013 research on air pollution in Europe found that deaths caused by air pollution in the EU cost the region approximately â‚ ¬161billion and $200million in the state of California. Air pollution is prevalent among developed nations. The large scale industrialization that is currently going on in the developed world has led to the emission of air pollutants in unprecedented numbers. In the US, people high up at the Grand Canyon are unable to see its other side just a thousand miles away due to air pollution. While in China, air pollution can travel as high as the Central Valley in Asia. The fallout of this widespread air pollution is that 65% of deaths in central Asia and 25% in India are due to air pollution. The use of fossil fuels in vehicles is the leading cause of air pollution. Statistics from the UK’s Environment Audit Committee showed that diesel cars produce around 46% carbon monoxide and 42% nitrogen oxide. In China, 70% of air pollutants are currently being produced from the exhaust tail pipes of vehicles in use while in the US 28% of Americans believe that the use of fossil fuel is the leading cause of air pollution. The air in your home could be the worst. The WHO released a report stating that the level of air pollution in households could be worse than in public places due to poor ventilation. In under-develop nations, household pollution is caused by the burning of kerosene and other fossil fuels while in developed countries the use of cooking gas and space heaters produce air pollutants that congest the household air we breathe in. Air pollution creates attention problems. Studies have shown that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)- emitted by burning fossil fuels- can affect one’s ability to focus. The study went on to explore the effects of air pollution on children below 9 and found that air pollution is in part responsible for attention deficit disorders in children which can lead to negative long-lasting effects in the future. Air pollution threatens our future. Statistic show that the continuous burning of fossil fuels at current rates will prove to be disastrous for future generations. Predictive analysis showed that by 2050, approximately 6million people will die per year due to air pollution related health issues. This will also be due to the exponential growth in vehicle purchases, heavy traffic jams and natural disasters. Air pollution is currently being fought. All hope is not lost as the WHO, UNICEF and government agencies are putting checks on pollutants we produce for a better tomorrow. In China, the largest air purifying tower currently purifies a million cubic feet of air in an hour. The taxation of fossil fuels in nations such as New Zealand, Great Britain and Finland is also set to reduce air pollution in these regions by approximately 60% by 2030. These are the top 10 interesting facts on air pollution you should consider using in your argumentative essay when trying to establish your stance on pollution. It is also important to note that we have provided extra reading material such as tips on writing a platinum tier argumentative essay on air pollution. Students can also select a topic on today’s subject by reading this article containing 20 argumentative essay topics on air pollution. References: Matyssek, R. (2013). Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Sullivan, C. (2016). Human-Made Fires Pollute Air with Ozone Half a World Away. Eos, 97. Luo, M., Cao, B., Ouyang, Q. Zhu, Y. (2016). Indoor Human Thermal Adaptation: Dynamic Processes and Weighting Factors. Indoor Air. Pillai, V. (1996). Air pollution in developing and developed nations: A pooled cross†sectional time series regression analysis. International Planning Studies, 1(1), pp.35-47. Beckrich, A. (2015). The Green Room: Air Pollution in the Developing World. The Science Teacher, 082(05). Nandasena, S. (2013). Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health of Children in the Developing World. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 2(2), p.6. Pearce, D. (1996). Economic Valuation and Health Damage from Air Pollution in the Developing World. Energy Policy, 24(7), pp.627-630.

College Admission Essay

College Admission Essay College Admission Essay Whilewriting admission essay, you should understand that the admission committee wants you to show your writing skills of a college level. It means that you should write in a good English language and be able to use it to persuade the reader. They're not interested in your vocabulary skills, so don't use unusual words. Use the words the meaning of which you understand. They want to see that you understand sentence and paragraph structure and can write a narrative essay from scratch. Admission officers want to see that you know what a narrative essay is. If you don't know what it is, a narrative essay is simply a story which should tell the admissions officer. Your college admission essay should be brief, logical and have a persuasive conclusion. Your admission essay should sound as if you are telling a story. It should be original and bring interesting ideas. Admission essay should be written in a voice that is your own, which means it can have its own syntax and structure. You have the opportunity to express yourself through admission essay writing. Give the admission officer a chance to understand who you are rather than repeat what has been seen in other applications. Of course, every admission officer has his own viewpoint about good college admission essay. However, nobody can argue that excellent grammar, good structure, clarity, and honesty are not the features of the good admission essay. So, if you can reach these main features, your chances to be admitted significantly increase. Read also: Admission Essay Topics You, as college applicant, expected to write an admission essay from scratch. You need to give an answer to the specific question. For example, if your admission essay has to cover your life priorities, make sure to write admission essay only about life priorities, not about experiences from childhood. Write about something you have done, the admissions officers don't want to read about your plans to save the planet from global warming. They want to know your achievements, how you spent last two years and what the most important thing from your perspective. If you are choosing a topic, we can't say which one is good or bad, but be sure the topic about your drug usage or sex life won't impress admission officers. They appreciate humor, but if you're not funny in person, you shouldn't try to be so on paper. In any case, you should have someone else read your essay. It is a good idea to give your admission essay to a teacher or ask professional editor for assistance. Admission Essay Writing Service Admission essay does not have to be perfect, however, it has to be attention getting and impressive. If you are not sure in your ability to achieve these objectives and produce admission essay of premium quality, you are welcome to request professional admission essay writing help at .com. We are attentive to your needs and provide only custom written admission essay! Interesting topics: Pay For Essay Essay Company Lord of the Flies Essay Police Performance Term Paper Little Prince Reaction Paper

World Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Systems - Essay Example World systems are hence a system that has been developed by a historian Immanuel Wallerstein. He talked about economic forces interacting not within limits, rather on a global basis. This he said would be because of globalization and trade links throughout the world. However, he also said that the when world cannot be said to be in regards with this, rather it can be said that these changes and interactions can be talked to be about on a large scale. He gave the idea of the existence of three factors that shall be talked about in the following paragraphs. He related his ideas to capitalist and non-capitalist movements. He explained how certain societies developed while others did not because of their positions on world today and previously. These societies obviously in the context of social systems in accordance with world's systems approach. (Answers.com, n.d.) World systems theory does not come under social sciences by any way. It basically creates a wholesome form of a theory that takes into account economic, political and social characteristics and phenomenon that can be related to the events occurring throughout the world. Immanuel Wallerstein came up with this theory. His approach was very provocative and would focus on not just mere analytical proof rather on justifications related to psychological as well as ideological in nature. World systems approach aims at being a telescope rather than a microscope so as to focus on events and speculate accordingly. Global interaction is a main aim to understanding how events occur throughout the world. Wallerstein talked about world systems exiting in three categories. These categories being pertinent to specific areas places and countries. These three categories include the following: Core Periphery Semi-periphery The differences between rich and poor can be shown through the relationship that is depicted by core and periphery. This shows also, the income disparities that exist between the two. Semi periphery however, is more complex. It basically has a relationship with the others that is a little difficult to understand and relate to. Wallerstein overall had the grasp of all the key elements or categories and hence could then be used in the controlling forces that define the changes that occur initiating or maintaining changes and movement in the world. Wallerstein was one often first to think of a system that was different than the earlier developed theories relating to nations and countries and their movements or changes. He described how this theory can be used to study further how all global entities interact with each other. This theory was developed after the Marxist one. The latter provided concepts relating to how different individual units like each country go through each stage of functioning that is either development, sustaining or even in some cases under- development. Dependency theories as they were called would focus on "unequal exchange' that is richer countries would be forced into having trading partnerships with poorer countries so that transfer of excess surplus from the rich countries to the poor ones could take place. Theorists claiming and supporting such views were people by the names of Frank, Samir Amin, Celsu Fertudo, and Henrique Cordoso. (Sommers, 2005) Effects In and during this century, we can see the effects of world systems on events by various examples. For instance, world labor regime when developed it brought ILO or international Labor Organization to it. Now, when this

Howard Gardner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Howard Gardner - Research Paper Example As a result of further research Gardener and his colleagues have stated that there could be an addition of another 3 possible intelligences to the initial list of seven (Smith, 2002, 2008). The presence of one kind of intelligence is determined from several perspectives or criteria which were drawn from several fields such as biology, logical reasoning and various psychological factors. With this he concluded that every child whether normal, mentally or physically challenged will have their unique set of intelligences in which they will shine and both teachers and parents will have to employ a broad range of learning methods in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a child. Thus with his research on multiple intelligences Gardener sought to bring about a change in the system of learning with focus on the inherent abilities and interest of a child so that they will be able to pursue their interests and not succumb to external factors such as peer pressure (What are Multipl e Intelligences? n.d). ... e candidate intelligences in an individual include: the potential for brain isolation by brain damage, presence of an evolutionary history or possibility, a set of identifiable core operations, susceptibility to encoding, distinct developmental progression in which there is a defined end-state performance, the existence of idiot-savants, prodigies and other such unique individual, and aided with suitable support from psychological experiments and other psychometric findings (Gilman, 2001; Smith, 2002, 2008). The seven intelligences initially included in the MI theory are linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Of the seven the first two intelligences namely linguistic and logical have been used in the school curriculum to assess the language and reasoning skills of the students. The linguistic intelligence is the ability to read, write and effectively communicate in a language. Through this an individual should be able to express themselves and accomplish their set goals. The logical-mathematical reasoning is the ability to reason and analyze scientific issues and mathematical problems. The next three intelligences are associated with performing arts as they involve a coordination of the mind and the body. The musical intelligence includes performance, composition or listening skills in music. Understanding the musical pattern will enable an individual to compose pitches, rhythms and tones. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves the effective use of bodily parts to perform an action. For example athletes, dancers and medical surgeons and craftsman have a high capacity for this intelligence. According to Gardener, this intelligence includes both the mind and the physical body as activities are performed

Platos The Republic Books 6 Through 10 Essay -- essays research papers

Plato’s The Republic Books 6 through 10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In books 6 through 10 of Plato’s Republic, we see many different discussions on the subject of justice, philosophy, and goodness. The philosopher Socrates has now defined what a philosopher is. His next task is to show that a philosopher is best qualified to be the ruler of a state. A good ruler must surely know what Justice and Goodness are, for he must administer Justice and always act for the good of the community. But a philosopher, as we have seen, has knowledge of the Forms, so from this point of view at least, he is best qualified to be a ruler. A good ruler must have a good character as well as a good mind; he must always be truthful, high-minded, and disciplined, and never mean, petty, or cowardly. A philosopher will satisfy these requirements too, Socrates argues. Since the philosopher loves truth, he will always be honest and forthright.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates is being much too idealistic here. The idea that a philosopher should be the ruler of a state is just an idle dream. Politicians should be practical and experienced. However philosophers have wisdom and goodness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next Socrates is asked, â€Å"What is Goodness?† Socrates tries to answer this question in the form of an analogy. The Analogy of the Sun, as this is called, can be represented in a diagram:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowledge The Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goodness Is the source of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is the source of Light,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Truth, And so makes objects  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and so makes the Forms Visible, and allows the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &... ...osopher-Ruler: At the age of fifty, the philosopher-rulers will at last be fully formed. They will spend a large part of the rest of their lives in contemplation and philosophy, but they must also take their turn in public and political life, and do their duty in ruling and guiding the state. For now they will know Goodness itself, and thus they will know what is best for the community. At this point, Socrates has discovered the nature of Justice, both in the state and in the individual man, and he had begun to answer the question â€Å"Why is it better for a man to lead a just life than it is for him to lead an unjust life?† The Myth of Er tells us that even after death justice is rewarded and injustice punished. Plato’s view is that a man who chooses to be unjust is a matter of ignorance. A man guided by reason would realize that living an unjust life causes him unhappiness and suffering. Socrates than says that there are four main types of unjust societies. These are Timocracy, Oligarchy, Democracy, and Tyranny. This is the order of their degrees of injustice; timocracy is closest to the just state, and tyranny is the most unjust and diseased of all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Language and Imagery in Wuthering Heights Essay

In Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte uses Language and imagery to create a very stark contrast between Heathcliff, and Edgar Linton. This contrast is not only illustrated in how these characters act, but also in their appearance, usual setting and the language that is used to describe them. Emily Bronte first uses the raw basics of the characters Heathcliff and Edgar Linton to right away let us know that these characters are polar opposites. She does this with the imagery of both characters. In chapter 7, Heathcliff describes Edgar as having light skin and fair hair, whereas in the same chapter it is mentioned that Heathcliff has dark hair and dark skin. This use of binary opposites suggests to the reader already, that Heathcliff and Edgar are complete opposites, right down to their core. This use of Binary opposites and imagery is also applied to where Heathcliff and Edgar live, Edgar living in Thrushcross Grange, the light, large house, and Heathcliff living in the dark, gloomy and sinister house of Wuthering Heights. This imagery of the two houses reflects the characters of the two men. Language is also used effectively and in abundance by Bronte to illustrate the two characters differences. Bronte uses contrasting Lexical fields pertaining to heaven and hell to not only show the contrast in character between Heathcliff and Edgar, but to suggest that one is good and one is evil. For instance Heathcliff is constantly being described as or being referred to with the use of words which relate to hell. His eyes are described as ‘devils spies’ and ‘ dark fiends’ by Nelly, and coupled with his appearance of being dark skinned and haired, he is closely associated with the devil, who represents evil. Edgar on the other hand, is described with a lexical field of a more heavenly nature. His eyes are referred to as being little Angels and his features are continuously called angelic and soft, which suggests he is similar to an angel, which is of course good. By using contrasting lexical fields for each character, Bronte uses selective language to suggest that these two are not only opposites, but they are Good and Evil. Heathcliff is, when being talked of, surrounded by sinister sounding words which aren’t necessarily talking about his character explicitly, but they help to create a dark and sinister atmosphere around his character. An example of this is in chapter seven where Nelly is talking about Heathcliff she uses words such as ‘lurk’ and ‘vicious’ and this is what creates this dark atmosphere. Bronte does the same with Edgar, as when he is talking or being talked about, words such as ‘gently’ and ‘beautiful’ are used and this helps to project a calm and soft atmosphere around Edgar, which is completely different to the atmosphere Heathcliff carries with him, and thus increases the contrast that the reader sees between Heathcliff and Edgar. Catherine brings our attention to the contrast between the two in chapter 9 where she says ‘(Heathcliff’s soul) and Linton’s is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire’ This use of binary opposites again suggests with the use of the words fire and lightning that Heathcliff is violent and harmful and burns, which again associates him with hell, and the use of Frost and moonbeam to describe Edgars soul to suggest he is soft, light, cool and calm reinforces the already stark contrast between the two and again suggests them not only to be different, but to be complete opposites. The fact that to most readers it would be obvious as to which out of either Heathcliff and Edgar is the fire and lightning shows how Bronte has been slotting words into the text as well as the individual characters, to make the reader associate Heathcliff with hell, and Edgar with Heaven. In conclusion, Bronte uses particular lexical fields which are binary opposites to each other and applies them to Heathcliff and Linton to exacerbate the contrast seen between the two. Bronte also uses imagery of their physical appearance and living place, paired with continuous subtle language choices to make the reader associate Heathcliff with Hell, and Edgar with Heaven, and this makes us not only see the two as contrasting characters, but bad and good, and at the completely different ends of the spectrum.

Business Plan For A Business - 1276 Words

A business plan is sometimes ignored by some people, but I think it is important to develop a good business plan. I think this should be an interesting topic to discuss about. Yesterday, I receive a phone call from a new client asking for help to build a business plan for his new business. My role in this part as a business consultant is to not blindly do the work for my client but asking them questions to generate information about his ideas, and level of involvement to better help him build his own plan. If a client can understand the importance of a business plan and how it works, he is already half way to succeed. It is also crucial to let the client who knows the best about his business and products presents his ideas and thoughts in the business description and product analysis. My ultimate goal is to help the customers through the process of analyzing the industry, market, products, and financial issues to learn where he stands now comparing to his competitors. However, I also need to inform the client that it is easy to plan, but the success or failure of a business and product depends on many other factors rather than just a business plan itself. A good business plan is a good start, failure or success is the matter of how the market responds to our products and how quickly can we revise our plan to fit with the fast changing market taste. In the email below, I wrote to my client and gave him an outline to instruct him the process and how to best approach eachShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business1223 Words   |  5 Pagesyour own business is to prepare a business plan. A business plan is a written document describing your business future. It tells potential investors and customers what your goals are for the company and how you plan to achieve that. You will need to define your business, products and services, operating procedures and the route your company intends to take to achieve the goals that are set forth. 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In order to start a business I need a business plan. From research, I have learned that my business plan needs to have an executive summary, identification of my business, financial recordsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1221 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness plans are documents used for planning out specific details about your business. They can range in size from a simple few sentences to more than 100 pages with formal sections, a table of contents and a title page. According to Entrepreneur Magazine, typical business plans average 15 to 20 pages. Comprehensive business plans ha ve three sections business concept, marketplace and financial and these are broken down into seven components that include the overview or summary of the plan, a descriptionRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business2550 Words   |  11 PagesActivities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. 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Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales report

Shakespeare and Anti-Semitism in the Merchant of Venice

Anti-Semitism and the desecration of the Jewish population have been in existence for nearly five thousand years. In the Elizabethan era, a question of anti-Semitism invariably arises. In William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, we find that one of the characters is the embodiment and expression of anti-Semitic attitude that is pervasive in Elizabethan society. Anti-Semitism was an intricate part in Shakespeares years. Jews were considered vile and scorned upon. Shakespeare presents Judaism as an unchangeable trait (Bloom 37). Shakespeares age based their anti-Semitism on religious grounds because the Elizabethans inherited the fiction, fabricated by the early Church, that the Jews murdered Christ and were therefore in†¦show more content†¦In act two, scene two, lines twenty-four through twenty-eight, Launcelot Gobbo identifies Shylock as a kind of devil, the devil himself, and the very devil incarnation. Shylocks daughter, Jessica, identifies Shylocks house as h ell. Solanio identifies Shylock as the devil . . . in the likeness of a Jew (III,i,19-21) and Bassanio echoes this sentiment by identifying Shylock as a cruel devil (IV,i,217). Antonio further cements the association between Shylock and the devil by noting how Shylocks arguments remind him how The devil can cite scripture for his purpose (I,iii,97-100). This explicit demeaning of Shylock cannot but be significant in light of the historical outline that has been observed through the desecration of Jews for many years. The images of Jews as blood-thirsty murderers of Jesus who snatch innocent Christian children for slaughter in bizarre Passover rituals seems to provide a potent back-drop for the demonic appellations that are heaped upon Shylock in The Merchant of Venice (Fiedler 63). The progressive abuse of Shylock as a usurer, which leads to the reduction of his humanity to a demonic form, should fully prepares us for the revelation in The Merchant of Venice that Shylocks motive for the entire bond with Antonio is murder. By murdering Antonio, Shylock will be rid of a bothersome business of rival. The play appears to suggest that Bassanio was right to caution Antonio to suspect fair termsShow MoreRelated Is The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play? Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIs The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play?      Ã‚   The Merchant of Venice features a Jewish character that is abused and slandered by nearly every character in the play. Throughout the play the behavior of these characters seems justified. In this way, The Merchant of Venice appears to be an anti-Semitic play. However, The Merchant of Venice contains several key instances, which can be portrayed in a way that criticizes anti-Semitism. The first instance occurs in Act 1, scene 3 whenRead MoreA Study of Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesA Study of Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice ‘The Merchant of Venice’ was written by Shakespeare in 1596 and appeals to both audiences of comedy and tragedy. The play features anti-Semitism which is a response to 1500’s Britain as well as other literature of the time. Anti-Semitism is the term used to describe discrimination towards Jews and Judaism. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ has received both positive and negative comments over the centuries and throughout thisRead MoreRacial Discrimination In The Merchant Of Venice1496 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminated against Jews extensively. This was most prominent in Venice and England. Jews were forced to live on an island called the Ghetto in Venice and were cruelly oppressed throughout history in the Italian city.. In the 1200s, Jews were banned from England. Finally, they started to come back in the 1600s but had limitations because they were known for their high intelligence compared to the English, as well as in Venice. In Venice they were only allowed to be usurers, or loaners that demand highRead More Hath Not a Jew Eyes? The Identity of Shylock and Purpose of Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice1992 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice continues to receive criticism because of the many controversial topics integrated within an already debatable plot. One such reproach is whether the play demonstrates factors of anti-Semitism or persists as a criticism of the anti-Sematic tendencies of Christians during Shakespeare’s time. 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After the Holocaust, all Jewish slurs and stereotypes, like calling someone â€Å"dog Jew† or thinking Jews only care about money, have been exiled from moral society. This even applies to pieces of art that were produced pre-Holocaust. However, William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is not only read, but taught in schools across the nation. The Merchant of Venice provides the taleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn England’s history, the Elizabethan era was notorious for its anti-Semitism. Jews were segregated by being forced to wear a red ha t when outside of the ghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meetRead MoreDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice893 Words   |  4 PagesDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice It is quite clear when reading The Merchant of Venice that there is a large focus on Shylock being a Jew. This is very prominent in his I am a Jew speech he, the Jewish moneylender, angry and betrayed, rails against the non-Jewish world which torments him. Antonio hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned myRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice Anti-Semite Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pages many people consider the play â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† is one of the most problematic dramas written by Shakespeare because it promotes the prejudice against Jews or the ideology of anti-Semitism. In fact, the play depicts the villain as a devil, a usurer and a Jew who attempts to murder the good and godlike Christians for they have performed good will and mercy toward other people and ruined the Jew’s business. Whether it is his intention or not, Shakespeare chooses to create the image of a greedyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Merchant Of Venice 1918 Words   |  8 PagesPerformance Analysis of T he Merchant of Venice Jordan Thomas Mullineaux-Davis William Shakespeare has regularly throughout time been referred to and could be viewed as anti-Semitic because of the cultural implications within many of his plays. A particularly strong example of this could be The Merchant of Venice. This essay will explore arguments of post-colonialism within The Merchant of Venice, discussing the pertinent issues of anti-semitism, racial isolation and prejudice. It will also comment

Master At Greenville Technical College - 947 Words

Young 1 When I finish my associates in Arts at Greenville Technical College, I plan to transfer to get my Bachelors (B.A.) in Early Childhood Education from University of South Carolina- Columbia. I chose this career because I love children with a passion and every job I’ve had has been with children involved. Being in the presence of children makes me happy. I also chose this career because I know that when I wake up in the morning I will not dread going to work every day, I will gladly get up an strive to make a difference in their lives. I want to be an impact on as many of their lives as I can by being a part of their life and teaching them. I want to be someone they look up to, someone â€Å"who inspires and encourages us [them] to strive for greatness, live to our [their] full potential and see the best in [them]† (Teach). To become a teacher takes a lot of hard work and motivation. Education itself has come a long way. In the earlier times, certain races and genders were not able to learn, blacks and whites were not able to sit in the same classrooms, or use the same things, and many people just couldn’t get along. Today, every gender and race is entitled to make something of themselves and get an education, we all have the right to learn. We are able to get along with one another, use the same things and be in the same classrooms as the other. Today, we are able to help one another and encourage each other to do great things. Education has come a long way from what itShow MoreRelatedRobotics in Surgery5226 Words   |  21 PagesInstruments * Surgical Arm Cart Fig. 4 Surgeon Console Surgeon Console: The surgeon is situated at this console several feet away from the patient operating table. The surgeon has his head tilted forward and his hands inside the system’s master interface. The surgeon sits viewing a magnified three- dimensional image of the surgical field with a real-time progression of the instruments as he operates. The instrument controls enable the surgeon to move within a one cubic foot area of Fig.Read MoreStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 Pages—Frank T. Rothaermel rot12737_fm_i-xlvi.indd v 17/11/11 7:37 PM Confirming Pages ABOUT THE AUTHOR FRANK T. ROTHAERMEL Georgia Institute of Technology Frank T. Rothaermel (PhD) is the Angel and Stephen M. Deedy Professor in the College of Management at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is an Alfred P. Sloan Industry Studies Fellow, and also holds a National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER award, which â€Å"is a Foundation-wide activity that offers the National Science Foundation’sRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesLibrary of Girro From the Library of Girro@qq.com Introduction to Materials Management SIXTH EDITION From the Library of Girro J. R. Tony Arnold, P.E., CFPIM, CIRM Fleming College, Emeritus Stephen N. Chapman, Ph.D., CFPIM North Carolina State University Lloyd M. Clive, P.E., CFPIM Fleming College Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio From the Library of Girro@qq.com From the Library of Girro Editor in Chief: Vernon R. Anthony Acquisitions Editor: Eric KrassowRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesH. Furuhashi, Notre Dame; W. Jack Duncan, University of AlabamaBirmingham; Mike Farley, Del Mar College; Joseph W. Leonard, Miami University (OH); Abbas Nadim, University of New Haven; William O’Donnell, University of Phoenix; Howard Smith, University of New Mexico; James Wolter, University of Michigan, Flint; Vernon R. Stauble, California State Polytechnic University; Donna Giertz, Parkland College; Don Hantula, St. Joseph’s University; Milton Alexander, Auburn University; James F. Cashman,Read MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesacquisitions was Coast Metals, a family-owned producer of speciality metals. When the acquisition fell through, Nuclear hired one of Coast’s top engineers as a consultant to recommend other acquisition targets. The engineer – Ken Iverson – had strong technical skills (including a graduate degree in metallurgy from Purdue University) and general management experience. Based on Iverson’s recommendation, Nuclear acquired a steel joist company in South Carolina. Subsequently, Iverson joined Nuclear as a vice

Short Notes Free Essays

â€Å"Two gentlemen of Verona† â€Å"An Irish Rose† are the two heart touching stories written by A. J. Cronin. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now In an Irish Rose, the 14 year old Rose plays the central character of the story. She sacrifices her life to look after her baby brother who lost his mother when he was just one month old. In the â€Å"Two gentlemen of Verona † we find the touching story of Jacopo Nicola ,two brothers aged 12 13 who do odd jobs and live a hard life themselves to sustain and treat their elder sister Lucia who is suffering from tuberculosis of spine. Both stories of A J Cronin are heart touching. In an analysis of the characters portrayed in both the works we can find certain similarities. As stated above we can see the characters themselves in a moral and sacrificial light wherein they are not thinking or living for themselves but for their respective siblings. If we go into the actual character portrayal too, we can find how the characters are dressed in rags to save even the smallest penny for their siblings comfort. They do not even eat or dress well lest they have to spend any money, which can be found to have a better use for their siblings. In the Irish Rose as well as the Two Gentlemen of Verona, we find that the author finds hope for a better future of the world after meeting Rose, Jacopo and Nicolo. Never thinking for themselves, all three of his characters have fought to better the lives of their loved ones in every way possible. In both the stories the plot is set in a rousing manner and giving a detailed and graphic expression till the climax. In the Irish Rose, the main character Rose Donegan has to earn for the family, buy milk for her youngest brother Michel. She had to cook, attend to the children and father. With a slum child’s elemental knowledge she had to do everything, even she would bargain the baker to extend her credit for an extra loaf. As in the case of the Two Gentlemen OF Verona, the writer himself becomes a character in the plot of Irish Rose. Along with the writer the rest of the characters too play a significant role in the plot to finally bring out the actual sacrifice of the three children. In both the stories the importance given to the children’s attitude towards work, love and responsibility shows how important the said characters are in the view of the author too. Herein we find the hope for a better world when these children grow up rather than the war ravaged time frame in which the stories are set. It was W. B. Yeats who said that, â€Å"Too long a sacrifice can make a stone of the heart†. But through these stories Cronin has endeavored to prove Yeats wrong, as nicely as possible. He was also able to teach us the value of not running away from our responsibilities. How to cite Short Notes, Essay examples

Leonardo Da Vinci modern review Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci modern review Essay You are about to read a story of Leonardo Da Vinci. We hasten to tell you we have another variant Leonardos biography. Leonardo Da Vinci (Born 1452. Died 1519) The fourth centenary of Leonardo da Vinci has been celebrated in Italy; in England the date of the death of this strange and legendary figure of the latter half of the fifteenth century, who was still climbing after knowledge infinite,† has passed almost unnoticed. Always one of the world’s greatest names—for no artist of the past lent himself so readily to apotheosis — his fame has grown with the revelation of his greatness as a man of science. Other sons of the Renaissance, such as Leon Battista Alberti, were gifted with comprehensive genius, but the quality of Leonardo’s endowment dwarfs their record when we sum up his activities as painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, hydraulician, anatomist, mathematician, geologist, botanist, astronomer, and geographer. Apart from his guesses and achievements in these provinces, there is something in his personal character â€Å"super-European and silent,† as Nietzsche terms it, â€Å"the character- istic of one who has seen too wide a circle of things good and evil.† He behaved in such a way as to arouse the wonder of his contemporaries. â€Å"He dressed with originality and distinction, bore himself impressively. Sur- rounded, so to speak, by censer-swinging acolytes, he acted the part of hierophant and modern Empedocles, and was not far from being a precursor of Paracelsus.† He was  unconditioned, above the law, the divine artist, the worker of miracles. Yet he was a solitary in the midst of court life, in the changes and chances of his employment, and speaks of the necessity of the solitary life in no uncertain voice: â€Å"If you are alone, you belong entirely to yourself; if you are accompanied even by one companion, you belong only half to yourself, or even less in proportion to the thoughtlessness of his conduct; and if you have more than one companion, vou will fall more deeply into the same plight.†* We see how the strange and solitary power is impressed on his red chalk drawing in his old age of his silent face. The index of a mind forever Voyaging through strange seas of thought alone.† For all his cryptic utterances and the reserve of his spirit, we must not suppose that he was in any respect a charlatan, a suspicion that clings to the name of Para- celsus. His notebooks bear witness to the intense and laborious concentration of his mind upon the problems of science, physics, or engineering he had set before himself, to his patient and manifold industry, the ordered continuity and range of his effort. His personal character, as shown in the glass of his notebooks rather than in the distorting mirror of Vasari’s famous Life, reveals an authentic greatness. â€Å"I wish,† he says, â€Å"to work miracles; I may have fewer possessions than other men who are more tranquil and those who wish to grow rich in a day.† â€Å"As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so life well used brings happy death.† â€Å"Our body is subject to heaven, and heaven is subject to the spirit.† â€Å"Where there is most power of feeling, there of mar- tyrs is the greatest martyr.† â€Å"Intellectual passion drives out sensuality.† â€Å"To the ambitious, whom neither the boon of life nor the beauty of the world suffices to content, it comes as a penance that life with them is squandered, and that they possess neither the benefits nor the beauty of the world.† These sublimations of Leonardo’s experience are expressed with a concision which renders him, like Blake, the master of significant language. Leonardo’s life is a paradox. He recommends for the artist a life spent in the seclusion of the studio; his own was spent in courts; a wanderer, from place to place Florence, Milan, Rome, finally Amboise in France. The most laborious of men, he has left little realized and achieved work in building and the arts behind him. None of his monumental projects of construction or town-planning seem to have been carried out, most of his paintings and sculptures were never executed, others were left half finished. He has survived his masterpieces. Modern research has shown him to have been, not the capricious and inconstant artist whose performance was always less than his promise, but the most learned of painters, studying with the intentness of a scientist the medium in which he worked, the structure of the human body, plants, trees, and rocks, in order that he should know their essence and inner reality. His habit of scientific investigation* in the end drew him aside from the practice of his art; he was rapt away by the Virgilian passion rerum cognoscere causas. It was impossible, Isabella d’Este found, to get a picture out of him. She had applied to a friar of the Carmelite Order whom she knew, to know what manner of life the master was leading, and the answer was returned that he was â€Å"entirely wrapped up in geometry, and has no patience for painting.† The whole world of knowledge was his province. In reading his notebooks there is at first a feeling of dis- appointment at the meagerness of the scientific result, but this is counterbalanced by the realization that he is the first of the moderns in his belief in experimental methods, his distrust for mere authority in science as in the arts he practised. â€Å"Whoever in discussion,† he writes, â€Å"adduces authority, uses not intellect, but rather memory.†4 He has been loosely said to have been the forerunner of Bacon, Watt, Newton and Harvey, but it cannot be maintained that he anticipated their discoveries in any definite sense. Though he set down in unusually large letters â€Å"the sun does not move,†9 and surmised that the earth was a star â€Å"much like the moon,† and knew that blood moved,* and so forth, his actual achievements were in the invention of certain ingenious devices, such as the diving-bell and the lifebelt, and in the employment of a definitely scientific method, as in his discovery of the significance of fossils found in the mountain ridges of Lombardy as showing the waters at one time covered the earth. â€Å"If you should say that the shells which are visible at the present time within the borders of Italy, far away from the sea at great heights, are due to the Flood having de- posited them there, I reply that, granting this Flood to have risen seven cubits above the highest mountain. those shells which always inhabit near the shores of the sea   ought to be found lying on the mountain side, and not at so short a distance above their bases, and all at the same level, layer upon layer. Should you say that the nature of these shells is to keep near the edge of the sea, and that as the sea rose in height the shells left their former place and followed the rising waters to their highest level: —to this I reply that the cockle is incapable of more rapid movement than a snail out of water, or is even somewhat slower, since it does not swim, but makes a furrow in the sand, and supporting itself by means of the sides of this furrow it will travel between three and four braccia a day; and therefore with such a motion as this it could not have traveled from the Adriatic Sea as far as Monferrato in Lombardy, a distance of two hundred and fifty miles, in forty days. Art History: The Movement II: People EssayHe sings hymns to Law and Causation: â€Å"Nature never breaks her own law. â€Å"O marvelous necessity, thou with supreme reason constrainest all efforts to be the direct result of their causes, and by a supreme and irrevocable law every natural action obeys thee by the shortest possible process. â€Å"Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe? O mighty process, what talent can avail to penetrate a nature such as thine? What tongue will it be that can unfold so great a wonder? Verily none. This it is that guides the human discourse to the considering of divine things.† Leonardo, who sums up war as a â€Å"bestial frenzy† (in   the descriptive passage entitled â€Å"The Way to Represent a Battle†), was the inventor of numerous engines of war, steam guns and breech-loading arms with screw breech block, and in the draft of a letter in which he offers his services as architect and military engineer to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, he claims that he can â€Å"construct bridges that arc very light and strong and very portable, with which to pursue and defeat the enemy, and others more solid, which resist fire or assault,† also â€Å"a kind of cannon which is light and easy of transport, with which to hurl small stones like hail,† â€Å"catapults, mangonels, tra- bocchi, and other instruments of admirable efficacy not in general use,† and â€Å"armored wagons carrying artillery which shall break through the most serried ranks of the enemy, and so open a safe passage for the infantry†he can also construct †Å"subterranean passages either straight or winding, passing if necessary underneath trenches or a river. † As far as the evidence of Leonardo’s manuscripts can substantiate the claims put forward, they have been found to have been correct; and Dr. Mà ¼ller-Walde,18 in that por- tion of his work dealing with Leonardo as a military en- gineer, has shown that Leonardo did in fact study the construction and use of the engines of warfare mentioned in the first seven clauses of the letter. In the arts of peace, his schemes and sketches for canalization and the layout of towns are no less remarkable. According to specialists’ opinions, Benedetto Castelli, who is considered to be the actual originator of the Lombardy canal system, appears to have studied Leonardo’s schemes, in which practical standards for hydraulic engineering are already worked out. He wished to lay out cleaner and healthier cities, so that the people would not need to live â€Å"packed together like goats, and pollute the air for one another,† and proposed to II Moro to build ten cities, each with 5000 houses and accomodating 30,000 inhabitants. These cities are to be seated on rivers regulated by locks; the streets are to be as wide as the height of the houses, and laid out with wide squares and market-places. Moreover, he provides two kinds of streets on different levels, the higher and spotless walks for foot passengers, and the lower for traffic, which can be cleaned by flushi ng from locked rivers.*8 In his notebooks are found a wealth of designs, exhausting every possible combination of circular and polygonal ground-plans for domed public buildings and churches. As he himself states, it was his intention to write a treatise on the theory of cupola construction. His devices and designs for hydraulic work, and for warlike machines, were, for the most part, within the limits of possible construction in his day. It is otherwise with the problem that occupied so much of his time, that of flight. He had for many years watched the flight of birds, and made himself, thanks to an amazingly keen power of fixing rapid movement, familiar with every characteristic of wing action. The subject gives its name to a treatise which exists in a more or less complete form—II Codice sul volo degli uccelli. and is also treated in the Codice Atlantico and other of Leonardo’s manuscripts. The conviction grew on him that men might raise themselves above the earth on wings, for: â€Å"A bird is an instrument working according to mathematical law, which instrument it is within the capacity of man to reproduce, with all its movements, but not with a corresponding degree of strength, though it is deficient only in the power of maintaining equilibrium. We may there- fore say that such an instrument constructed by man is lacking in nothing except the life of the bird, and this life must needs be supplied from that of man.† Flight is a natural phenomenon, and consequently its laws are to be deduced by observation of nature. Yet Leonardo doubted the adequacy of strength of the human agent to accomplish more than short flights, and sought to supplement it by a screw-propeller. He has a drawing of a large screw constructed to revolve round a vertical axis. â€Å"The notes at the side and below the drawing tell of the materials and dimensions, and reveal also the purpose which it was intended to serve. M. Govi, who first called attention to the significance of these passages, speaks of them as proving not only that Leonardo invented the screw-propeller, but that he had considered small paper models for this purpose, which were set in motion by fine bent steel wires.† He must have, at one moment, at any rate, felt sure of success, when he wrote triumphantly that â€Å"the huge bird will take his first flight high aloft on the ridge of his great Ceceri—the mountain between Majano and Fiesole—he will fill the universe with wonder and all writings with his fame.† The experimental flight must have failed, but from his own day Leonardo has not been judged by his achievement, for, in the words of his earliest biographer, â€Å"his spirit was never at rest, his mind was ever devising new things.†